ĭespite being a recognized independent country since 1991, as a former USSR constituent republic, Ukraine had been perceived by the leadership of Russia as being part of its sphere of influence.
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Five years later, Russia was one of the signatories of the Charter for European Security, where it "reaffirmed the inherent right of each and every participating State to be free to choose or change its security arrangements, including treaties of alliance, as they evolve". In 1994, Ukraine agreed to abandon its nuclear arsenal and signed the Budapest Memorandum on Security Assurances on the condition that Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States would issue an assurance against threats or use of force against the territorial integrity or political independence of Ukraine. Sloviansk ( Murder of Pentecostals in Sloviansk)įollowing the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, Ukraine and Russia continued to retain close ties.6.3.1 Entities with limited recognition.5.3 International treaties and negotiation structures.4.2 Recognition of the Donetsk and Luhansk People's Republics by Russia.4.1 Alleged clashes between Russia and Ukraine.4 Escalation and invasion (February 2022 – present).3.2.1 Russia's accusations of genocide in eastern Ukraine.3.2 Alleged Russian subversion attempts.3 Renewed tensions (October 2021 – February 2022).On the morning of 24 February, Putin announced that Russia was initiating a "special military operation" in the Donbas, and launched a full-scale invasion into Ukraine. On the same day, the Federation Council unanimously authorised the use of military force in the territories. On 22 February, Putin said that the Minsk agreements were no longer valid. The breakaway republics were recognized in the boundaries of their respective Ukrainian oblasts, which extend far beyond the line of contact.
On 21 February 2022, Russia officially recognized the two breakaway regions in eastern Ukraine, the Donetsk People's Republic and the Luhansk People's Republic, as independent states, and deployed troops to Donbas, in a move interpreted as Russia's effective withdrawal from the Minsk Protocol. International affairs analyst Fiona Hill commentated on February 28 that this invasion of Ukraine is another sign that World War III already is in progress. The crisis was described by many commentators as one of the most intense in Europe since the Cold War. NATO has rejected these requests, and the United States warned Russia of "swift and severe" economic sanctions should it further invade Ukraine. In December 2021, Russia advanced two draft treaties that contained requests for what it referred to as "security guarantees", including a legally binding promise that Ukraine would not join the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) as well as a reduction in NATO troops and materiel stationed in Eastern Europe, and threatened unspecified military response if those demands were not met in full. The crisis is related to the ongoing (2014–present) War in Donbas, which is in turn part of the Russo-Ukrainian War. Despite the Russian military build-ups, Russian officials from November 2021 to 20 February 2022 repeatedly denied that Russia had plans to invade Ukraine.
The troops were partially withdrawn by June 2021, but the crisis was renewed in October and November 2021, when over 100,000 Russian troops were massed around Ukraine on three sides by December. Satellite imagery showed movements of armour, missiles, and heavy weaponry. This precipitated an international crisis due to concerns over a potential invasion. In March and April 2021, Russian president Vladimir Putin ordered the Russian military to begin massing thousands of personnel and equipment near its border with Ukraine and in Crimea, representing the largest mobilization since the annexation of Crimea in 2014. 4 (Operation Unifier) (until 13 February 2022).53 (Operation Orbital) (until 12 February 2022).260 ( Operation Unifier) (until 13 February 2022).
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